25 results
S11-04 - Integrated Care of Depressive Disorders - the Freiburg Model
- I. Bermejo, U. Voderholzer, L. Hölzel, M. Berger
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 25 / Issue S1 / 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 April 2020, 25-E42
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A carefully planned comprehensive and integrated care model of in- and outpatient depression treatment is a promising way to achieve improvements in care. Within the framework of the Freiburg Model of integrated care for depressive disorders a network of psychiatrists and primary care physicians offers in collaboration with the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University of Freiburg a coordinated treatment for patients with depressive disorders. Complementary to an evidence-based outpatient treatment the department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy offers a complex treatment where patients can use the different inpatient measures during their outpatient treatment. In addition patients with a chronic depression can make use of a specific treatment program.
N-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Influences Membrane Fatty Acids and Phospholipase A2 Activity in Patients at Risk to Develop Psychosis
- S. Smesny, B. Milleit, M. Schäfer, C. Milleit, M. Otto, U.-C. Hipler, G. Berger, H. Sauer, P. Amminger
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 26 / Issue S2 / March 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. 1129
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Introduction
Decreased levels of polyunsaturated membrane fatty acids (PUFA) and increased activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes (key regulating enzymes of membrane remodelling and PUFA availability) are supporting pillars of the “membrane phospholipids concept of schizophrenia”. Assuming that membrane PUFA profile and PLA2 activity are altered during the at risk phase of disorder and influenced by fatty acid supplementation, we investigated PUFA profiles and PLA2 activity simultaneously in ultra high-risk (UHR) subjects before and after (n-3) fatty acids supplementation.
MethodIn 81 UHR patients (aged between 13 and 25 years) PUFA levels were assessed in erythrocyte membranes using gas chromatography, and cytosolic PLA2 activity was measured in blood serum using a fluorometric HPTLC-based assay. Measurements were performed before and after a 6 month interval of placebo-controlled supplementation with n-3 fatty acids.
ResultsAt baseline significant associations were found between (n-9) and (n-6)-PUFA levels and psychopathology (especially in negative symptoms) assessed by the PANSS according to PACE criteria. (n-3)-PUFA supplementation caused significant changes in (n-3)- and (n-6)-PUFA levels and a significant decrease of PLA2 activity.
ConclusionOur results support associations between membrane biochemistry and psychopathology (especially negative symptoms) in people at risk to develop psychosis. Supplementation of n-3 PUFA increases PUFA availability at membrane level and modulates membrane repair and remodelling processes. Assuming that PLA2 activity reflects neuronal damage, PUFA supplementation might unfold neuroprotective effects.
Cognitive capability of individuals at risk with and without transition to psychosis
- M.O. Pflueger, U. Gschwandtner, J. Aston, G. Berger, S. Borgwardt, M. Drewe, M. D'souza, E. Rechsteiner, R.D. Stieglitz, A. Riecher-Roessler
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 22 / Issue S1 / March 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. S30
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Objectives
To compare neuropsychological functions of individuals at risk (IR) for psychosis and patients with a first episode of psychosis (FE) with healthy control subjects (HC). And to determine cognitive factors which have the potential to discriminate IR with (IRtrans) and without (IRnon-trans) transition to psychosis.
MethodsN = 60 prodromal IR and N = 51 healthy control subjects were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Besides general intelligence the test battery covered two functional domains (executive and attentional functions) and working memory. Within a follow up period of at least 30 month N = 19 IR transited to psychosis and N = 30 IR still have been followed up.
For each patient group (FE and IR), cognitive profiles were constructed by means of z-values adjusted for demographic and medication influence. The HC mean performance level was used as baseline of each group profile. A further profile was constructed by differential values considering IRtrans versus IRnon-trans. Comparisons were carried out by MANOVA and post- hoc t-tests.
ResultsIn all functional domains FE and IR performed below HC except for specific sustained attention measures. There were no significant differences between FE and IR.
Executive functions and working memory measures were more compromised in IRtrans as compared to IRnon-trans.
ConclusionsNeuropsychological deficiencies precede psychotic breakdown. This indicates that neuropsychological assessments of affected domains may support early detection of psychosis.
Screening of disordered eating in 12 year old girls and boys: Psychometric analysis of the German versions of SCOFF and EAT-26
- U. Berger, K. Wick, H. Hölling, R. Schlack, B. Bormann, C. Brix, M. Sowa, D. Schwartze, B. Strauß
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 26 / Issue S2 / March 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. 712
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To detect eating disorders and risky eating behaviour in early stages, screening tests are used. In order to examine as many adolescents as possible, these tests should be economic, i. e. as short as possible but at the same time they should fulfil the psychometric quality criteria. We compared the German version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26D) and the German version of the SCOFF test (which contains only five Yes-no questions) in a sample of 425 twelve year old girls and 382 boys from Thuringia, Germany. Although the EAT-26D reached higher psychometric properties, the SCOFF has been proved as a useful screening tool with a test-retest reliability of rtt = .73 and a maximum accuracy of 82% (area under the ROC curve). In reference to the EAT-26D (20 point cut-off) the sensitivity of the SCOFF was 78%, specificity 75%, positive predictive value 28%, and the negative predictive value, which is more relevant for screenings, was 96%. The construct validity reached r = .52.
Remission of positive symptoms according to the “remission in Schizophrenia Working Group” criteria: A longitudinal study of cognitive functioning
- Y. Braw, R. Sitman, M. Cohen, U. Berger, S. Lev-Ran, A. Segev, Y. Bloch, Y. Levkovitz
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 28 / Issue 5 / June 2013
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- 15 April 2020, pp. 282-287
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Schizophrenia patients in positive symptomatic remission (PSR; n = 39) were assessed using a longitudinal research design. The patients were found to exhibit widespread cognitive impairments that were stable over the three-year follow-up period. The findings support a generalized and stable cognitive impairment profile among schizophrenia patients in partial symptomatic remission.
1411 – Integrated Care Of Depression In Germany - The Freiburger Modell
- I. Bermejo, L.P. Hölzel, U. Voderholzer, L. Tebartz van Elst, M. Berger
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 28 / Issue S1 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, 28-E737
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Background
Although in Germany a very well developed healthcare system for mental disorders exists, there is empirical evidence of under diagnosis and under treatment. There is also evidence that a carefully planned integrated care model of inand outpatient treatment is a promising way to achieve improvements in care.
MethodWithin the framework of the Freiburger Model of integrated care for depressive disorders a network of psychiatrists, primary care physicians and a university medical center a coordinated treatment for patients was initiated. Complementary to an evidence-based outpatient treatment the department of Psychiatry offers a complex treatment where patients can use different inpatient measures during outpatient treatment. Patients with a chronic depression could use a specific treatment program. To analyze the effects a continuous project evaluation was conducted.
Results40 physiciansincluded 227 patients. Unipolar depressions constitute the most frequent disorders. Most depression. Most having a recurrent depressive disorder (61.0%) show a moderate depression (57.7%) and 36.3% a severe. Over two thirds (74.9%) are treated exclusively by general practitioners. According to physicians’ ratings, 57.6% of patients were remitted or showed subsyndromal symptoms in the eighth treatment week. After 16 weeks, it raised to 70.3%. According to the PHQ, 58.6% of patients were remitted or showed minimal symptoms.
ConclusionAs a concrete implementation of an intersectorial and interdisciplinary framework concept for an integrated care of depressive disorders the Freiburger Model offers a evidence based model to assure in- and outpatient treatment by improving collaboration care through defined interfaces and clinical pathways.
Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan. By Jennifer M. Dixon. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018. 276p. $55.00 cloth.
- Thomas U. Berger
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- Journal:
- Perspectives on Politics / Volume 17 / Issue 3 / September 2019
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- 21 August 2019, pp. 934-935
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- September 2019
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6 - Conclusions
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp 230-250
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Summary
The forgoing chapters have told the story of how the governments of Austria, Germany, and Japan have struggled for over half a century to deal with the consequences of terrible histories that continue to haunt them to this day. The evolution of their official historical narratives, along with the changes in their collective memories and the domestic and international tensions that have arisen over historical issues have been traced in some detail. Now, in conclusion, it is appropriate to step back from the particulars of the empirical cases and ask what their stories have told us about the dynamics of the politics of history in general.
Five sets of conclusions stand out. First, with respect to the determinants of the official narrative, we can see that no one theoretical approach alone – be it of the Historical Determinist, Instrumentalist, or Culturalist variety – can provide an adequate explanation for any particular case. Instead, as the Historical Realist perspective developed in this book suggests, a combination of the explanatory factors emphasized by the different theoretical schools is needed to understand the evolution of the official narrative and the politics of history over time.
1 - Politics and Memory in an Age of Apology
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp 8-34
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Summary
We live in an age of apology and recrimination. Over the past two decades, the world has witnessed an unprecedented outpouring of expressions of contrition by political leaders for past injustices their countries are held responsible for. At the same time, there has been an upsurge in demands for apologies, restitution, and a variety of forms of compensation on the behalf of groups and nations that feel they have been victimized. The Federal Republic of Germany may well be the paradigmatic example of this trend. More than sixty years after the end of World War II, it continues to wrestle with the legacies of the Third Reich, offering long-overdue compensation to the hundreds of thousands of former slave laborers while arguing with the governments of Poland and the Czech Republic over how to commemorate the millions of ethnic Germans who were driven out of Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the war. Germany might seem a special case in this regard, burdened as it is by an especially terrible history. Yet other examples abound: the bitter disputes between Russia and its neighbors over how to view the Soviet Union, the disagreement between Israelis and Palestinians over whether the Arab population in Israel had fled or were driven from their homes in 1947, or repeated accusations in Asia that Japan has failed to apologize adequately for its history of atrocity and aggression before 1945, and the list could well be extended almost ad infinitum.
That the past and how it is represented is of political importance is nothing new. Rulers have long realized George Orwell's dictum, “Who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past.” What is novel about the current situation, however, is the degree to which history and memory have become contested, both domestically and internationally. In the past, states, by and large, have been able to promote laudatory depictions of their history by suppressing or driving under ground dissident, critical narratives, at least in the realm of public discourse. Under the modern Westphalian system of juridically independent, sovereign states, governments were given the right to do so without interference from outside actors. Yet in many liberal democracies, the dark and negative aspects of their national history have today become accepted, even required, parts of how the past is depicted.
War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
- Thomas U. Berger
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012
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When do states choose to adopt a penitent stance towards the past? When do they choose to offer apologies for historical misdeeds, offer compensation for their victims and incorporate the darker sides of history into their textbooks, public monuments and museums? When do they choose not to do so? And what are the political consequences of how states portray the past? This book pursues these questions by examining how governments in post-1945 Austria, Germany and Japan have wrestled with the difficult legacy of the Second World War and the impact of their policies on regional politics in Europe and Asia. The book argues that states can reconcile over historical issues, but to do so requires greater political will and imposes greater costs than is commonly realized. At the same time, in an increasingly interdependent world, failure to do so can have a profoundly disruptive effect on regional relations and feed dangerous geopolitical tensions.
Frontmatter
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp i-iv
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Contents
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp v-vi
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5 - The Geopolitics of Remembering and Forgetting in Asia, 1991–2010
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp 175-229
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Summary
As Chapter 4 has shown, by the early 1990s Japan was in the process of redefining its official historical narrative in a more penitent direction. International pressures were pushing Japan toward greater contrition. Japanese public opinion had shifted significantly toward recognizing the suffering the empire had inflicted on other Asian countries. Powerful interest groups, in particular the business community, were pushing for a more conciliatory stance, and Japanese political leaders – even very conservative ones like Nakasone – were progressively adopting a more contrite rhetoric when speaking about the past. Within a decade, however, Japan was embroiled in a diplomatic crisis over history that was far more severe and more protracted than anything it had experienced before. Chinese and Korean resentment over aspects of the Japanese official narrative – in particular Prime Minister Koizumi's trips to the Yasukuni and the Ministry of Education's approval for the adoption of revisionist textbooks – boiled over into sometimes violent street demonstrations and mass letter-writing campaigns. High-level diplomatic contacts between Japan and its two main Asian neighbors – China and South Korea – were severely disrupted for nearly five years, and disputes that previously had been manageable – in particular the territorial disputes with China over the Senkaku/Diaoyutai islands and with Korea over the Dokdo/Takeshima islands – intensified to an alarming and potentially dangerous degree.
While a complete breakdown in relations was avoided, the 2001–2007 war over history was an unusually turbulent and politically costly one. The bright hopes for building stronger regional structures that had characterized regional dialogue in the early 1990s were drowned out in a rising tide of nationalist recrimination. Sharply growing threat perceptions between the major Northeast Asian powers helped to fuel a significant military buildup, and new flashpoints for conflict between Japan and its neighbors emerged in the shape of an array of territorial disputes that would continue to fester well after the 2001–2007 diplomatic crisis was over.
Tables
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp vii-viii
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3 - Austria
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 16 July 2012, pp 83-122
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Summary
It has been said that Austria's greatest accomplishment in the twentieth century was to convince the world that Beethoven was Austrian and Hitler was German, when in fact, the reverse is true. Behind this joke is a cruel criticism of Austria's ability to forget: to forget the fact that like the Federal Republic, the Republic of Austria was a successor state to the Third Reich; to forget the role many individual Austrians played in the worst crimes of the Nazi era; to forget the wild scenes of jubilation that greeted Hitler during his triumphal tour of Austria following the Anschluß; and to forget the shameful way in which many Austrians participated in, and often profited from, the destruction of Austria's Jewish community.
For decades, Austria was able to hide from both itself and from the world this darker side of its history thanks to the convenient myth, first propagated by the Allied Powers in 1943, that Austria had been the “first victim of Nazism.” The myth of Austrian victimhood became the basis of a resolutely impenitent official historical narrative, one that denied any Austrian responsibility for the crimes of the Third Reich, neglected the legal pursuit of the perpetrators of atrocities, and paid relatively paltry sums of compensation to the victims of Nazism and their families.
Index
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 16 July 2012, pp 251-259
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Introduction
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp 1-7
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Summary
This book is about the effects of historical memory on the political affairs of nations. It is based on a detailed analysis of three countries who have struggled to face up to their morally troubling past in the wake of World War II – Germany, Austria, and Japan. The central objective of the book is to explain why these states have promoted particular official historical narratives and to identify the domestic and international consequences of their doing so. Why, for instance, did the Federal Republic of Germany early on adopt a relatively penitent stance regarding the crimes of the Nazi period, whereas Austria and Japan showed contrition only decades later, and in the case of Japan only partially so? Did Germany's willingness to confront the dark corners of its history promote better relations with its European neighbors? Why did Austria, despite being deeply implicated in the crimes of the Third Reich, tackle the question of its moral culpability only much later? Why has Japan only reluctantly apologized for its Imperial past in Asia? Has Japan's relatively impenitent stance poisoned its relations with its neighbors, as is commonly assumed, or was the impact of its lack of contrition relatively marginal or outweighed by other geopolitical or geoeconomic factors?
These are perennial questions in the study of postwar Europe and Asia and have been the subject of considerable debate for decades. Since the end of the Cold War, however, they have become more pressing than ever. Despite Germany's continued contrition for the crimes of the past, new German concerns with commemorating not only the victims of Nazism, but also the millions of Germans who became the victims of aerial bombardment and ethnic cleansing, have raised troubling questions about whether the memory of the Holocaust is in the process of being relativized, possibly heralding the reemergence of a more self-centered and assertive Federal Republic. Concerns on this score have been particularly pointed in the context of the Federal Republic's relations with Poland and the Czech Republic, but have also been evident in some of the misgivings regarding the German response to the recent economic crisis in the Eurozone. In Austria, the rapid ascent of Jőrg Haider's Freedom Party in the 1990s – culminating in its becoming part of the ruling coalition in 2000 – raised similar concerns and sparked a major diplomatic crisis within the European Union.
2 - Germany
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- Book:
- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp 35-82
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Summary
The burdens of history lie heavily upon the Federal Republic of Germany. Arguably, no nation in the world has committed greater crimes in the course of the twentieth century than Germany. In the popular mind, the atrocities of the Third Reich have come to define the outer limits of state-sponsored brutality and human cruelty. As a result, it might seem natural that no other country should do more to express remorse for its actions and to atone for its crimes. Since 1945, the leaders of the Federal Republic have made great efforts to apologize for the terrible suffering Germany had inflicted on the world. At times they have literally fallen to their knees and begged for forgiveness – as Chancellor Willi Brandt did during his famous visit to the Warsaw ghetto in 1970. The German State has paid well more than $100 billion in compensation to the victims of the Third Reich, and the crimes and horrors of the nation's past are commemorated with a thoroughness unparalleled in any other country. In 1985, President of the Federal Republic Carl Richard von Weizsäcker even went so far as to suggest that Germany's willingness to face up to its past is in fact the most distinctive and praiseworthy feature of the German nation. To put it another way, Weizsäcker was arguing that not only should Germans today feel guilty for the crimes of the past, but that this guilt should itself be a source of national pride (an attitude referred to as Sűhnestolz in German).
At the same time, arguably no other nation in the world has been as richly rewarded for expressing its guilt. Since 1945, the Federal Republic has been successfully reintegrated into the community of nations. Germany's democratic virtues are widely and generally celebrated. Its economic achievements are formidable. The Federal Republic has been one of the driving forces behind European integration and generally is accepted as an important player in world affairs. So successful has the project of German rehabilitation been that in recent years Germans have been able to rediscover a sense of pride in their nation without provoking alarm and enmity among their neighbors.
4 - Japan
- Thomas U. Berger, Boston University
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- War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
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- 05 August 2012
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- 16 July 2012, pp 123-174
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Summary
Japan is often depicted as suffering from a particularly severe form of collective amnesia regarding its recent past. While the Japanese people remember in excruciating detail their own sufferings during the war, especially the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, they are said to overlook the immense suffering their country inflicted on other peoples. To be Japanese, as the noted Japan critic and commentator James Fallows put it, means never having to say you're sorry – at least to non-Japanese. For much of the period since 1945, Japan's status as a victim, rather than as a victimizer, has dominated not only the official historical narrative of the Japanese state but also the collective memory of the Japanese people.
This impenitent stance is widely believed to have had consequences. Just as Germany is widely seen to have benefited from its penitent stance on history, it is commonly argued that Japan's lack of contrition has placed it at odds with its Asian neighbors and, at times, even with its principal ally and protector, the United States. Tensions over history are said to have heightened suspicions regarding Japan's military intentions – increasing the risk of military conflict and a potentially destabilizing regional arms race – inflamed nationalist feeling in its East Asian neighbors, and all but wrecked efforts to create a strong network of international institutions in East Asia. If Germany is the model penitent in international affairs, than Japan is the model impenitent.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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